Instrument Validity in Research

 The instrument can be defined as to be able to collect data for research. All instruments should be vital. 

Measurement is a process of scoring participants after collecting data we should use measurement. Before measuring we should use instruments. 

There are 3 techniques for data collection which are 

- Paper & Pencil

- Observation

- Interviews

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION METHODS 

- Using rate scale: It is the score of someone on a task. It includes multiple-choice questions.

- Norm reference scale: There is a comparison between variables such as participants, questions with other variables. Also, there are predeterminate decisions by looking at time, environment, etc. 

- Criteria reference scale: There is no comparison between variables. There is a comparison with the external standards.

- Self-reference scale: It measures how participants respond to the change.

TYPES OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

• Cognitive Test: It measures cognition characters, problem-solving, intellectual process, etc.

- Achievement Test: It is related to students’ current proficiency.

- Aptitude Test: It tries to predict how participants will prepare in the future and try to estimate the next decisions.

• Affective Test: It measures emotions, mental character, etc. It is useful for educational research. 

- Attitude Scale: It measures beliefs and perceptions. It includes several types of scales which are Likert Scale, Semantic Differential Scale, Rating Scale, Thurstone, and Guttman Scale.

CRITERIA FOR GOOD MEASURING INSTRUMENTS