Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research

Quantitative Methodologies

Preference for precise hypotheses stated at the outset. Preference for precise definitions stated at the outset. Data reduced to numerical scores.

Much attention to assessing and improving reliability of scores obtained from instruments.

Assessment of validity through a variety of procedures with reliance on statistical indices.

Preference for random techniques for obtaining meaningful samples.

Preference for precisely describing procedures. Preference for design or statistical control of extraneous variables.

Preference for specific design control for procedural bias.

Preference for statistical summary of results.

Preference for breaking down complex phenomena into specific parts for analysis.

Willingness to manipulate aspects, situations, or conditions in studying complex phenomena.

Qualitative Methodologies

Preference for hypotheses that emerge as study develops. Preference for definitions in context or as study progresses. Preference for narrative description.

Preference for assuming that reliability of inferences is adequate.

Assessment of validity through cross-checking sources of information (triangulation).

Preference for expert informant (purposive) samples.

Preference for narrative/literary descriptions of procedures. Preference for logical analysis in controlling or accounting for extraneous variables.

Primary reliance on researcher to deal with procedural bias.

Preference for narrative summary of results.

Preference for holistic description of complex phenomena.

Unwillingness to tamper with naturally occurring phenomena.